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درس:  زبان روانشناسی       
PART A: Vocabulary
Directions: Choose the word or phrase (1), (2), (3), or (4) that best completes each sentence. Then mark the answer on your answer sheet.
1. Psychoanalysis emphasized the role of ………… conflicts" in determining behavior and personality.
1) overt    2) conscious    3) unconscious     4) covert
2. In a ………. study, the researcher is aware of critical information.
1) double-blind    2) single-blind    3) direct    4) indirect
3. Rogers emphasized the conscious experiences of his patients.
1) children    2) illnesses    3) tolerances    4) clients
4. A ……… is an irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger.
1) acquisition    2) phobia    3) reinforcer    4) modifier
5. Learning is defined as a process by which experience results in: ………. .
1) relatively permanent changes in behavior    2) delayed genetic changes
3) increased motivation to behave    4) increased attention to the environment
6. Memory experts have many objections to the use of hypnosis and other highly suggestive techniques to ………. repressed memories.
1) convey    2) expect    3) indicate    4) recover
7. Much of the early research on meditation focused on its use as a relaxation technique that …….. stress and improved cardiovascular health.
1) implied    2) relived    3) disturbed    4) maintained
8. In contrast to the rapid speed of information ……… in the nervous system, communication in the endocrine system takes place much more slowly.
1) condition    2) interaction    3) reputation    4) transmission
9. Attributions can strongly influence our opinions of other people, but the attribution process is ……… to many biases.
1) specific    2) tolerable    3) susceptible    4) suspicious
10. Coping refers to the ways in which we try to change circumstances, or our ………. of circumstances to make them more favorable and less threatening.
1) component    2) description    3) implication    4) interpretation

PART B: Reading Comprehension
Directions: Read the following three passages and answer the question by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet.
Passage 1:
Three centuries before the birth of Christ, Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote extensively about topics like sleep, dreams, the senses, and memory. Hundreds of years later. French philosopher Rene" Descattes (1596-1650) proposed that mind & brain were separate entities, an issue that is still discussed in psychology today. In later centuries, philosophers asked whether human character and knowledge are inborn or the results of environmental influences – an issue that today is called nature – nurture debate. Early philosophers could only advance the understanding of human behavior to a certain point. Their methods "Were limited to intuition, observation, and logic.

11. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Proposed that ……….. .
1) mind & nature of human are detached categories
2) mind & brain are attached entities
3) human nurture and brain are the same categories
4) mind & brain are separate entities
12. The study of human inborn knowledge and ability can be referred to as the ………. .
1) observational investigation    2) nature debate
3) environmental assessment    4) nurture debate
13. The adopted methods of early philosophers who could only advance the understanding of human behavior to a certain point, were merely limited to ………. .
1) nature – nurture debate and logic
2) intuition, observation & logic
3) insight, intuition & logical observation
4) observation, philosophical discussions & logic

Passage 2:
The transmission of information between two neurons occurs in one of two ways:
1) electrically or 2) chemically.
When communication is electrical, the synaptic gap is extremely narrow, and specialized channels serve as a bridge, the neurons. Electrical communication between the two neurons if virtually instantaneous. Although some neurons in the human nervous system communicate electrically, over 99 percent of the synapses in the brain use chemical transmission. In general terms, chemical communication occurs when the presynaptic neuron creates a substance that diffuses across the synaptic gap and is detected by the postsyaptic neuron.
14. Messages from other neurons and sensory receptors ……….. .
1) are collected by the synaptic vesicles
2) are relayed by glial cells to the correct node of Ranvier
3) are received by the dendrites
4) can close the synaptic gap
15. Chemical communication occurs when the ……… creates a chemical substance that diffuses across the synaptic gap and is detected by the ……….. .
1) presynaptic neuron – postyptic neuron    2) postsyaptic neuron- presynaptic neuron
3) pituitary gland- axons    4) pituitary gland-synapse

Passage 3:
The impact of the environment upon the individual is mainly through learning. The study of learning, together with memory, is indeed one of the very central interests of psychology.
Because all learning processes in human beings and animals appear to have certain features in common, at least at the fundamental level, the psychology of learning is often comparative in its approach. It is also largely experimental, in that knowledge of learning processes is often achieved most readily by manipulating and observing behavior under varying experimental conditions. Much the same may be said about the study of perception. It too, tends to be comparative and experimental. In animals, we infer perception from responses to sensory stimulation. In human beings we rely to a great extend on the reports of our experimental subjects.
16. What is the main idea of the passage?
1) Experimental learning and human beings    2) Experimental learning and animals
3) Basic interests of psychology of learning    4) Memory and learning environment
17. According to the writer, human learning and animal learning ………. .
1) are exclusively rooted in experimental conditions
2) are contradictory in nature
3) are in complementary distribution
4) share something mainly at basic level
18. According to the writer, animal perception ………… .
1) stimulates the sensory perception of the animal
2) is realized by their responses to sensory stimulation
3) has no relation with an experimental approach to perception
4) does guarantee our knowledge about human understanding
19. What is the best synonym for the underlined word "features"?
1) potentials    2) aspects    3) traits    4) realities
20. The underlined word "its" refer to ……… .
1) approach        2) learning
3) psychology of learning    4) level

برچسب‌ها: زبان تخصصی, روانشناسی